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It is completely unlike soccer football. You know what I mean. Players don't run up and down continuously. The whole game is divided into "plays", each with a beginning, a middle, and an end. Each team has a playbook listing all their different plays that the players have memorized. All the plays have codenames. The page for each play in the playbook has instructions for what each player should do during that play.

It might tell one player to run down the right side of the field. It might tell another to run a certain distance down the left side and then cross over to the middle. The play sheet will tell the quarterback who to throw the ball to if it's a throwing play and who to hand the ball to if the ball is not being thrown. Every player has specific instructions for each separate play in the book.

There might be dozens of complex plays all memorized by the players. So when the quarterback "calls the play" that means he gives the codename for the play that has been chosen to all the other players so they know exactly what they are expected to do.

The play doesn't start until he does that. The play only starts when the players line up in a special way and the ball is lifted off the ground in a special way. The players run around the way they are supposed to and the play ends when the player with the ball is tackled or a few other circumstances. Then they all gather together again and a new play is picked i.

For example, kids might all be playing on the same piece of playground equipment but all doing different things like climbing, swinging, etc. When a child plays together with others and has interest in both the activity and other children involved in playing they are participating in cooperative play.

Play starts when we are babies, but it does not stop there! Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. Donate Share This! Check out what else to expect from your baby.

Follow their milestones here! Related Articles. While children can benefit from independent exploration, they may also benefit from engaging in one-on-one activities with a teacher, a possibility that may be most feasible in settings with low adult-child ratios. Tables and figures are appended. Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness.