On the other hand, there is much less exchange of microbes among colleagues in the office and at the coffee machine. Diversity in hand microbes is important however, it keeps you healthy. A diverse community of skin microbes is more resistant to potentially harmful microbes. So whenever it's safe to do so, shake hands extensively. It is good for your social contacts and good for your microbes. Secret weapon Staphylococcus epidermidis is harmless but Staphylococcus aureus is anything but.
However, at present, this bacterium is recognized as an important human pathogen and is one of the main causes associated with medical devices such as peripheral or central intravenous catheter-related infections. It also causes keratitis and endophthalmitis, contamination of contact lenses, urinary catheter infections, bacteremia, mediastinitis and other infections. Both species are reported to have high rates of resistance to methicillin, and there is an increasing number of reports on their reduced susceptibility to vancomycin 5,20, It is known that staphylococcal species exhibit host specificity, and the species of clinical CoPS specimens differ from those isolated from animals, which also differ among host species.
For example, the predominant species in ruminants, pigs, dogs and pigeons are S. However, recent studies consider S. Although there is great clonal variability among staphylococci, it is not understood why some Staphylococcus clones have greater dissemination or why some species are more prevalent than others. In addition, many of these disseminated species that are distributed throughout the world may even replace native clones, although only some of the disseminated species have been reported to cause infection.
In the U. In addition, pseudintermedius can be spread in humans and their pets. In , the first case of infection by this microorganism in humans was reported 27 , and from to , S. This study aimed to investigate the presence of environmental coagulase-positive staphylococci as carriers of resistance factors, their clonal relationship and ability to form biofilm.
Airborne bacteria were collected from 10 different areas of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital Mexico city, D. A total of 10 surface samples from stainless steel tables within 5 cm 2 areas were collected using a swab technique.
The animal samples were taken from the nostrils from 20 dogs, 13 cats and 16 birds , were collected using a swab technique and cultured on the same media; 10 human nasal exudate samples were also collected. Typical colonies of staphylococci were transferred onto mannitol salt agar selective medium Difco Laboratories.
The coagulase test was performed with rabbit plasma on mannitol-positive organisms. Bacterial strains coagulase- and mannitol-positive were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Human, animal, air and surface samples were collected at the same time and from the same space.
Site: hospital for dogs, cats and birds. PCR products were examined for size and yield using 1. Isolates exhibiting oxacillin resistance were also confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene using previously described primers and terms Quantification of biofilm formation was performed using well polystyrene microtiter plates Costar flat-bottom plates with lids in accordance with Stepanovic's method with slight modification Each bacterial strain was assayed in four replicate wells.
After 24 h of incubation, total cell growth was measured based on optical density OD at nm using a Bio-Tek Elx microplate reader with the Kc4 software. Finally, the OD nm was determined using a microplate reader. PFGE analysis was performed for the S. After the electrophoresis run was completed, the gel was stained in a 1.
Categorical variables were described as percentages, and median, minimum and maximum values were used for continuous quantitative variables. PFGE data analysis was performed by considering the presence or absence of specific bands to obtain an estimate of similarity for each pair of isolates. Gel fingerprint patterns were analyzed using BioNumerics version 6. After background subtraction and gel normalization, fingerprint patterns were subjected to typing based on banding similarity and dissimilarity using the Dice similarity coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean UPGMA clustering.
The relationship was supported by the cophenetic correlation coefficient using Mantel and a bootstrap test with 10 randomizations A total of 72 CoPS strains were isolated and identified. All isolates were confirmed by sequencing the ITS identification 16S gene. Table 1 shows the frequencies of the observed species; the predominant species were S. The obtained S. Three different species of CoPS S. Only S. The observed antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are presented in Table 2.
None of the S. Figure 1 shows that the S. Biofilm formation was assessed after a 24 h incubation period, and average OD nm values were obtained Figure 2. The S. There was no statistically significant difference in biofilm-forming abilities among the S. Biofilm assays of the S. Student's t -test.
Figure 3 shows: A the clonal profile of S. The banding patterns produced in S. We observed that the antimicrobial susceptibility was also shared and only differed with respect to aminoglycoside gentamicin. Two clusters with the same pattern of susceptibility were observed in S. Clonal profile analysis was conducted using the Dice similarity coefficient in association with the UPGMA algorithm as the grouping method.
Dendrogram was evaluated by obtaining the cophenetic correlation coefficient with the Mantel test, which yielded an r -value CCCr. Bootstrap values are given at the node. Several studies have reported the circulation of CoPS between pets and their owners 9, Generally, S. In this study, 16S rDNA gene sequencing was performed to identify and differentiate between species due to the problems arising from the use of conventional biochemical tests that have led to incorrectly reporting all isolates as S.
Similar results were observed in a study in humans with dog bites, where S. Generally, pyoderma or skin infections are common elements in the medical practice in dogs and cats. In this work, S. This demonstrates that S. Throughout the world, there have been increasing reports of the emergence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics. In medical practice in humans, regulatory bodies have been set up regarding the use of antibiotics to control or reduce this problem.
However, in agriculture and livestock, there are no regulations. The lack of regulation of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the veterinary clinic adds selection pressure on the normal flora bacteria, and allows them to become resistant to multiple antibiotics.
The results obtained in this study confirmed the aforementioned findings: it was observed that different strains identified as S. By contrast, S. Surprisingly, strains of S. In one study, S. Additionally, the clonal profile analysis by PFGE is discriminative and very sensitive to the existing microvariation in a collection of strains; meanwhile, the type sequences are designed for tracking clones or clonal lines of bacterial populations.
Data reported by Vigo et al. They observed 27 different clonal types from 28 isolates. For our part, we noted that each animal or surface analyzed has its own clone of S. However, a limitation of this work is not knowing the type sequence of our strains, which would compare with those reported in other parts of the world. An example of this, is the work by Perreten et al.
Both clones were isolated from various clinical conditions, including healthy animals. The ST71 clone was reported as a high biofilm producer and multidrug-resistant 9,17 , features also shown by our S. Buy This Article. View Your Tokens.
View Metrics. Citing articles via Google Scholar. Email alerts Article Activity Alert. Newest Articles Alert. Latest Issue Alert. News Latest News Archive. Close Modal. This site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy. Farina, N. Methicillin resistance and biofilm production of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from infectious and normal flora conjunctiva. Ferreirinha, P. Poly-N-acetylglucosamine production by Staphylococcus epidermidis cells increases their in vivo proinflammatory effect.
Foster, T. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Trend Microbiol. Fournier, B. The function of TLR2 during staphylococcal diseases. Franca, A. Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm-released cells induce a prompt and more marked in vivo inflammatory-type response than planktonic or biofilm cells. Frank, D. The human nasal microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Gilbert, L. Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Endocrinology , — Gill, S. Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain. Gordon, Y. Human cathelicidin LL , a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by ocular surface epithelia and has potent antibacterial and antiviral activity. Eye Res.
Grice, E. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science , — Gristina, A. Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Guenther, F. Phagocytosis of staphylococci biofilms by polymorphonuclear neutrophils: S.
Organs 32, — Gutierrez-Murgas, Y. IL plays an important role in the control of inflammation but not in the bacterial burden in S. Neuroinflammation Hajjar, A. Hamza, T. Differential responses of osteoblasts and macrophages upon Staphylococcus aureus infection. Hamzeh-Cognasse, H. Platelets and infections—complex interactions with bacteria. Harris, L. Hartford, O.
Microbiology , — Hassan, M. Natural antimicrobial peptides from bacteria: characteristics and potential applications to fight against antibiotic resistance. Hatakeyama, J. Oral Microbiol. Hazenbos, W. Novel staphylococcal glycosyltransferases SdgA and SdgB mediate immunogenicity and protection of virulence-associated cell wall proteins. Heilmann, C. Staphylococcal Viruelnce Factors. New York, NY: Springer. Evidence for autolysin-mediated primary attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a polystyrene surface.
Molecular basis of intercellular adhesion in the biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis. Identification and characterization of a novel autolysin Aae with adhesive properties from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Heim, C. IL promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and bacterial persistence during Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic implant infection.
Hell, E. Human cathelicidin peptide LL37 inhibits both attachment capability and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hellmark, B. Antibiotic susceptibility among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from prosthetic joint infections with special focus on rifampicin and variability of the rpoB gene.
Hirai, Y. Survival of bacteria under dry conditions; from a viewpoint of nosocomial infection. Hirschhausen, N. A novel staphylococcal internalization mechanism involves the major autolysin Atl and heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 as host cell receptor.
Hogan, S. Current and future approaches to the prevention and treatment of staphylococcal medical device-related infections. Holland, L.
Mutation of tagO reveals an essential role for wall teichoic acids in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm development. Microbiology Pt 2 , — Huang, L. Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides. Hussain, M. Teichoic acid enhances adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to immobilized fibronectin. Isiklar, Z. Efficacy of antibiotics alone for orthopaedic device related infections.
Iwase, T. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. Nature , — Izano, E. Differential roles of poly-N-acetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide and extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.
Janek, D. High frequency and diversity of antimicrobial activities produced by nasal staphylococcus strains against bacterial competitors. Jensen, L. Specific antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm are present in serum from pigs with osteomyelitis. In vivo 29, — Jilka, R.
Osteoblast programmed cell death apoptosis : modulation by growth factors and cytokines. Bone Miner. Jimenez, E. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Johns, B. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of small colony variants and their role in chronic infection. Insights 8, 15— Joo, H.
Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial peptides in staphylococci. Biochim Biophys Acta 11 Pt B , — Kahl, B. Clinical significance and pathogenesis of staphylococcal small colony variants in persistent infections. Khalil, H. Invasion of bone cells by Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Kim, J. Lipoproteins are an important bacterial component responsible for bone destruction through the induction of osteoclast differentiation and activation. Kishimoto, T. Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide synergistically enhance bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis.
Knobloch, J. RsbU-dependent regulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation is mediated via the alternative sigma factor sigmaB by repression of the negative regulator gene icaR. Kobayashi, K. Kocianova, S. Key role of poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Invest , — Kong, K. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Kretschmer, D. The virulence regulator Agr controls the staphylococcal capacity to activate human neutrophils via the formyl peptide receptor 2. Innate Immun. Peptide length and folding state govern the capacity of staphylococcal beta-type phenol-soluble modulins to activate human formyl-peptide receptors 1 or 2.
Kristian, S. Biofilm formation induces C3a release and protects Staphylococcus epidermidis from IgG and complement deposition and from neutrophil-dependent killing. Kronforst, K. Laborel-Preneron, E. Lai, Y. Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury.
The human anionic antimicrobial peptide dermcidin induces proteolytic defence mechanisms in staphylococci. Lam, H. Antibodies to PhnD inhibit staphylococcal biofilms. Lam, J. TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand. Lambe, D. Foreign-body-associated experimental osteomyelitis induced with Bacteroides fragilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis in rabbits.
Lankinen, P. Laure, B. Effect of hydroxyapatite coating and polymethylmethacrylate on stainless steel implant-site infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in a sheep model. A 84, 92— Le, K. Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci-an overview.
Lee, J. Effects of Staphylococcus epidermidis on osteoblast cell adhesion and viability on a Ti alloy surface in a microfluidic co-culture environment. Acta Biomater. Li, D. Li, M. Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system. Los, R. A comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the determination of the biofilm-forming abilities of Staphylococcus epidermidis. FEMS Microbiol. Lovati, A. Systemic and local administration of antimicrobial and cell therapies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis -induced femoral nonunions in a rat model.
Mediators Inflamm. Modeling staphylococcus epidermidis -induced non-unions: subclinical and clinical evidence in rats. Mack, D. Microbial interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: purification and structural analysis.
Association of biofilm production of coagulase-negative staphylococci with expression of a specific polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Biofilm formation in medical device-related infection. Organs 29, — Magrys, A.
The role of programmed death ligand 1 pathway in persistent biomaterial-associated infections. Majchrzak, K. Comparison of staphylococcal flora in denture plaque and the surface of the pharyngeal mucous membrane in kidney transplant recipients. Marmor, S. Multiplex antibody detection for noninvasive genus-level diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection.
Mayberry-Carson, K. Effect of ciprofloxacin on experimental osteomyelitis in the rabbit tibia, induced with a mixed infection of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.
Microbios 64, 49— Osteomyelitis experimentally induced with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Influence of a foreign-body implant. Relat Res. Meghji, S. Staphylococcus epidermidis produces a cell-associated proteinaceous fraction which causes bone resorption by a prostanoid-independent mechanism: relevance to the treatment of infected orthopaedic implants. Megyeri, K. Induction of cytokine production by different Staphylococcal strains. Cytokine 19, — Mehlin, C. An inflammatory polypeptide complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis : isolation and characterization.
Melzer, M. Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia. Mempel, M. Invasion of human keratinocytes by Staphylococcus aureus and intracellular bacterial persistence represent haemolysin-independent virulence mechanisms that are followed by features of necrotic and apoptotic keratinocyte cell death.
Metsemakers, W. Infection after fracture fixation: current surgical and microbiological concepts. Meyle, E. Immune defense against S. Organs 35, — Miragaia, M. Drug Resist. Montanaro, L. Scenery of Staphylococcus implant infections in orthopedics. Morath, S. Synthetic lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus is a potent stimulus of cytokine release. Morgenstern, M. Antibiotic resistance of commensal staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in an international cohort of surgeons: a prospective point-prevalence study.
Staphylococcal orthopaedic device-related infections in older patients. Injury 47, — Biofilm formation increases treatment failure in Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related osteomyelitis of the lower extremity in human patients. Moriarty, T. Orthopaedic device-related infection: current and future interventions for improved prevention and treatment.
Ducheyne Oxford: Elsevier , 75— Myrvik, Q. Effects of extracellular slime produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis on oxidative responses of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Naik, S. Commensal-dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature.
Nair, N. Amidase, a cell wall hydrolase, elicits protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and S. Nair, S. Bacterially induced bone destruction: mechanisms and misconceptions.
Natsuka, M. A polymer-type water-soluble peptidoglycan exhibited both Toll-like receptor 2- and NOD2-agonistic activities, resulting in synergistic activation of human monocytic cells. N'Diaye, A.
0コメント